The commonest diagnosis was schizophrenia (n = 23, 57.5%) followed by epileptic psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) and general psychosis (n = 4, 10.0%) with one of psychotic depression and one psychosis secondary to general medical condition. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. including dysfunctional thought processing. Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. The idea of cognitive biases has been used to explain some of the behaviors which have been traditionally regarded as symptoms of schizophrenia. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Psychomotor Disturbances: Stereotypyical Rocking backwards and forwards, twitches, & repetitive behaviors. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. It is not a cure. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). Supporting evidence for the brain structure explanation comes from further empirical support from Suddath et al. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. and pragmatic (how is the belief helpful?) Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder nonetheless remain healthy. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. To teach patients and carers more effective stress management techniques. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. There are two components: 1. There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. The schizophrenic twin generally had more enlarged ventricles and a reduced anterior hypothalamus. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? Boston Spa, Book now . Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. Aetiological validity for a diagnosis to be valid, all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic should have the same cause for their disorder. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. Parents who have already suffered their child going through the dis-order and have to look after them with care go into more trauma by being blamed for the condition. Predictive validity. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Cognitive approaches examine how people think, how they process information. The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. One area where the model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes. Essentially due to . 214 High Street, Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of symptoms (particularly positive symptoms). Background: Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. [2 marks] Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. where normal functions are limited: including speech poverty and avolition. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. Research suggests that these delusions are associated with specific biases in reasoning about and explaining social situations. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. C: Consequences what impact does that have on your relationships with others? ), empirical (where is the evidence?) Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). Keywords: psychosocial dysfunction, family burden, schizophrenia, OCD. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. This weakens the interactionist explanation. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Also, research by Sherrington et al. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. LS23 6AD 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. However, the newer antipsychotic drugs affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate as well as dopamine. The patients with the most severe symptoms are unable to access the tokens, as they are unable to perform the desirable behaviours. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. But if they have a supportive environment and/or good coping skills the illness may not develop. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. LS23 6AD Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. Company Reg no: 04489574. Eg. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Delusions of Grandeur). Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). A study by Anderson et al. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community.
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