rego_unsafe_var_error: expression is unsafe

Contributors: Shubhi Agarwal & Ravi Chauhan. For example: In the above query, the second expression contains an Array Comprehension that refers to the region variable. assignments that satisfy all of the expressions in the query. The query will be satisfied if there is an i such that the querys to test for undefined. : rego_unsafe_var_error: var x is unsafe, If I select example[t], and OPA: Evaluate Selection is run, I get. JSON Schema provides keywords such as anyOf and allOf to structure a complex schema. The every keyword should lend itself nicely to a rule formulation that closely For example, the following rule generates tuples of array indices for servers in Here's my constraint template. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and Several variables appear more than once in the body. Here are examples of the functions that are mostly present in java and replicated in rego. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Already on GitHub? The region variable will be bound in the outer body. When To understand how iteration works in Rego, imagine you need to check if any Rules are just if-then This actually becomes a bit clearer if you include 'some' in the deny rule: Technically there would be an infinite number of assignments to label that satisfy this rule (e.g., the string "12345" would NOT be contained in valid_route_request and so would "123456" and so would ). The simplest use of negation involves only scalar values or variables and is equivalent to complementing the operator: Negation is required to check whether some value does not exist in a collection. When you select expressions inside of VS Code and run OPA: Evaluate Selection, the VS Code plugin is running a query against the policy. These documents are referenced in other sections above. advance. If you desire to express not every x in xs { p(x) } See the keywords docs for details. Networks connect servers and can be public or private. queries to produce results, all of the expressions in the query must be true or input. logical AND. You can query for the entire This should give all users ample time to The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: @prageetika the resourcequotas variable is not assigned anywhere. Rego does not currently support the overloading of functions by the number of parameters. In case of overlap, schema annotations override each other as follows: The following sections explain how the different scopes affect schema annotation Care must also be taken when defining overrides so that the transformation of schemas is sensible and data can be validated against the transformed schema. implicitly when you inject variables into expressions. *Rego.Eval and *Rego.PartialResult behave the same on same rego files. defined with {}, an empty set has to be constructed with a different syntax: Variables are another kind of term in Rego. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword, Copy the n-largest files from a certain directory to the current one. With OPA go library versions v0.39.0 and v0.41.0, when we use the every keyword we're seeing an unexpected error from PrepareForEval, but only when we use WithPartialEval: As far as we knew this error never came up when we were evaluating the rego.Rego object directly. statically, or more importantly, the number of networks may not be known in Rego lets you encapsulate and re-use logic with rules. I am finding that I can examine some variables and not others when I used the key binding OPA: Evaluate Selection. For example: These documents can be queried like any other: Rego supports two different types of syntax for declaring strings. If we had the expression data.acl.foo in this rule, it would result in a type error because the schema contained in acl-schema.json only defines object properties "alice" and "bob" in the ACL data document. If the variable is unsafe it means there could be an infinite number of variable assignments. The some keyword is not required but its recommended to avoid situations like If the left or right-hand side contains a variable that has not been assigned a value, the compiler throws an error. Reference for a formal definition. For example, you can define a pi constant as Please let me know if it would help to see the actual policies we're using (can share privately). Read more, A list of URLs pointing to related resources/documentation. See the docs on future keywords for more information. As a result, if either operand is a variable, the variable must appear in another expression in the same rule that would cause the variable to be bound, i.e., an equality expression or the target position of a built-in function. The with keyword only affects the attached expression. It is not safe because the comprehension on line 4 comes after the object.get call of line 1. The build and eval CLI commands will automatically pick up annotated entrypoints; you do not have to specify them with Scalar values are the simplest type of term in Rego. The scope values that are currently (none of which are public): Partial rules are if-then statements that generate a set of values and Modules consist of: Modules are typically represented in Unicode text and encoded in UTF-8. Unification lets you ask for values for variables that make an expression true. means that OPA was not able to find any results. function declarations below are equivalent: The outputs of user functions have some additional limitations, namely that they must resolve to a single value. I'm writing a test for a rule but am hitting the error below in the test; Each of the "as" variables/function are defined in the same file as the test. Load policy or data files into OPA. report an error. In the first allow rule above, the input document has the schema input.json, and data.acl has the schema acl-schema.json. We dont recommend using this form anymore. Note that there are four cases where brackets must be used: The prefix of a reference identifies the root document for that reference. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/api-conventions.md#metadata", https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples/, https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples/blob/main/kubernetes/schemas/input.json, https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples/tree/main/acl, https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples, http://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/index.html, A human-readable name for the annotation target. For details read the CNCF Under the hood, OPA translates the _ character to a unique variable name that does not conflict with variables and rules that are in scope. The examples below are interactive! I've pushed both commits to an extra branch for experimenting, and I might be missing something -- it's been a while -- but go run main.go now passes without trouble for me. A common mistake is to try encoding the policy with a rule named no_bitcoin_miners Which clusters a workload must be deployed to. If it still doesn't work out, I'll happily have a look at your policies. repository), add pairs (aka objects). Is there any known 80-bit collision attack? To put it all together Composite values define collections. Already on GitHub? I know without the full rule nobody can spot the error, but what I'm really after is if someone can tell my why this is happening; The rule might be unsafe because it's not found in the scope of the test. Read more, A description of the annotation target. Testing is an important part of the software development process. Variables assigned inside a rule are locally scoped to that rule and shadow global variables. Rego evaluates and returns the output of all the rules that evaluate to true while executing partial rules. Interestingly, the same is not true for running PE upfront via opa eval -p: Just the first steps. ClientError: GraphQL.ExecutionError: Error trying to resolve rendered. Rego extends Datalog to support For this policy, you can also define a rule that finds if there exists a bitcoin-mining Schemas in annotations are proper Rego references. used as an object key. Once this is fixed, the second typo is highlighted, informing the user that versions should be one of accessNum or version. Thanks a bunch. If you have more questions about how to write policies in Rego check out: If you want to try OPA for a specific use case check out: Dont forget to install the OPA (Rego) Plugin for your favorite IDE or Text Editor. The description annotation is a string value describing the annotation target, such as its purpose. "ssh". For reproduction steps, policies, and example go code that reproduces the problem, see below. If you select both lines in the rule body, the query should evaluate. In the following example, the rule defines a set of arrays where each array contains an application name and a hostname of a server where the application is deployed. follows: Once pi is defined, you query for the value and write expressions in terms of To get started download an OPA binary for your platform from GitHub releases: Checksums for all binaries are available in the download path by appending .sha256 to the binary filename. On the other hand, if you only select t := x while syntactically valid, it's not semantically valid as there's no assignment to the variable x (which makes it unsafe). Here are some examples that are all safe: Safety errors can also occur with variables that appear in the head of the rule: Safety is important as it ensures that OPA can enumerate all of the values that could be assigned to the variable. shell_accessible to be true if any servers expose the "telnet" or "ssh" When using set comprehension *Rego.PartialResult fails with rego_unsafe_var_error: expression is unsafe. What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? package. (dot) In this case, we are combining the Admission Review schema with that of a Pod. I can share the exact policies privately if necessary. Merging of the JSON subSchemas essentially combines the passed in subSchemas based on what types they contain. networks are public. Moreover, the type of expression a.b.e is now E1 instead of E. We can also use overriding to add new paths to an existing type, so if we override the initial type with the following: We use schemas to enhance the type checking capability of OPA, and not to validate the input and data documents against desired schemas. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Can I use the spell Immovable Object to create a castle which floats above the clouds? OPA accepts arbitrary 1.1. OPA represents set OPA decouples policy decision-making from policy And looking at the support module in my previous comment more closely, it exhibits the same problem: I'm not sure if it makes a difference but one thing to note is the policies here aren't exactly what we're using. will change. All modules contain implicit statements which import the data and input documents. The organizations annotation is a list of string values representing the organizations associated with the annotation target. import future.keywords.every introduces the every keyword described here. The rule body can be understood intuitively as: The rule itself can be understood intuitively as: If the value is omitted, it defaults to true. Object Comprehensions build object values out of sub-queries. A schema for Admission Review has a generic type object for that field that has no further specification. As you read through this section, try changing the input, queries, OPA. This allows them to be a metadata block determines how that metadata block will be applied. The keyword is used to explicitly assert that its body is true for any element in the domain. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and To avoid this problem, we can This contains samples for Envoy, Kubernetes, and Terraform including corresponding JSON Schemas. they would be able to pick up that one schema declaration. these scopes are applied over all files with applicable package- and rule paths. definition is additive. import future.keywords.every introduces the every keyword described here. Used with a key argument, the index, or property name (for objects), comes into the For actual code samples, see https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples/tree/main/acl. of the expressions true. And its failing with the ingest error rego_unsafe_var_error: expression is unsafe. E.g., input["foo~bar"]. See the Replicating Data for more info. define policies that enumerate instances of data that violate the expected state How to use parameters in Rego rules? In most cases, policies do not have to implement any kind of error handling and an object or an array on the right-hand side, the first argument is rego_unsafe_var_error: expression is unsafe As a result, the document generated by the rule is not can only be specified once per path. See the following example: Each replacement function evaluation will start a new scope: its valid to use The body of a comprehension can be understood in exactly the same way as the body of a rule, that is, one or more expressions that must all be true in order for the overall body to be true. These kinds of conflicts can be avoided by wrapping the rules with the parent rule which is complete and maintains the uniqueness of the result. It started happening when we moved over to using PrepareForEval. cannot refer to the index of an element within a set. Content Discovery initiative April 13 update: Related questions using a Review our technical responses for the 2023 Developer Survey, OPA HTTP self referential PUT request times out, How to compact and optimize open policy agent, in a single rego policy, VSCode Rego Plugin opa evaluate not working as expected, Combining exit codes and 'defined' string return values from rules in Rego. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. 566), Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, When AI meets IP: Can artists sue AI imitators? In that case, the equivalent opa eval invocation would be (essentially): You signed in with another tab or window. This creates an opportunity for users to verify that their policies are compatible with the next version of OPA before upgrading. Have a question about this project? a variable or reference. Schemas can also be provided for policy and data files loaded via opa eval --bundle, Samples provided at: https://github.com/aavarghese/opa-schema-examples/. privacy statement. recursion. in the chain. ", "https://kubernetesjsonschema.dev/v1.14.0/_definitions.json#/definitions/io.k8s.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.ObjectMeta", "Standard object's metadata. If we query for the tuples we get two results: Since we have declared i, j, and server to be local, we can introduce Rego provides a number of built-in functions (or built-ins) for performing Not sure what I am doing wrong here. @srenatus it does fix the error in the main.go above but unfortunately it doesn't fix all instances of "unsafe expression" we're seeing from our actual policies. In the example below, evaluation stops immediately after the first rule even Annotations can be defined at the rule or package level. [a-zA-Z0-9_]. This means that rule bodies and queries express FOR ANY and not FOR ALL. Dont worry about understanding everything in this example right now. "Signpost" puzzle from Tatham's collection. Safety is a property of Rego that ensures that all variables can be assigned a finite number of values. over rule evaluation order. Rego is declarative so policy authors can focus on what queries should return rather than how queries should be executed. evaluation continues to the second rule before stopping. of the system. variable once, you can replace it with the special _ (wildcard variable) The data that your service and its users publish can be inspected and transformed using OPAs native query language Rego. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. To control the remote hosts schemas will be fetched from, pass a capabilities npm err! Note that the (future) keyword if is optional here. selen tee kaufen. @srenatus this seems to reproduce it again (with these changes to iam.rego and policy.rego, and using your opa fork branch from #4775, but otherwise the same as in the original description). Since you're using Gatekeeper, you'll have to refer to the data.inventory document. the expressions true, the result is undefined. One for the case where the path input.request.object.metadata.labels["route-selector'] is undefined and the other for an invalid value. In your example, the statement valid_route_request generates a set of values (labels?). As a result, that reference is unsafe. Another rule thats enforced by OPA is that a variable appearing in a negated expression must also appear in another non-negated equality expression in the rule else it will throw an error. supposed to connect to for retrieving remote schemas. For example, if you select x := {"a": "b"} and evaluate it, the plugin essentially runs. Output : rego_unsafe_var_error: var _ is unsafe Playground Link: https: . I made sure the error is the exact same after trimming it down and anonymizing it, but I'm not sure if that could have changed something unintentionally--there are several rules in actual usage that aren't in the policies above. Notice that this code has a typo in it: input.request.kind.kinds is undefined and should have been input.request.kind.kind. In body true. variable to be bound, i.e., an equality expression or the target position of Refer to playground link for applications. In the first stage, users can opt-in to using the new keywords via a special import: Using import future.keywords to import all future keywords means an opt-out of a Rules provide a complete definition by omitting the key in the head. You can substitute as many variables as you want. Subsequent expressions errors in the caller: The rules below define the content of documents describing a simplistic deployment environment. Rules provide In such strings, certain characters must be escaped to appear in the string, such as double quotes themselves, backslashes, etc. value outside of the set. every is a future keyword and needs to be imported. OPA is purpose-built for reasoning around information represented in structured documents. Once a match is found, rule evaluation does not proceed to rules further In addition to arrays and objects, Rego supports set values. If the domain is empty, the overall statement is true. The See the docs on future keywords for more information. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. if. The key idea is that Rego, as a query language, is heavily based towards disjunctions (or statements). Thus, while using != operator it looks for a single value which is not equal to the value compared, however when we use negations we often need to compare FOR ALL rather than FOR ANY. The authors annotation is a list of author entries, where each entry denotes an author. To implement this policy we could define rules called violation An OPA object type has two parts: the static part with the type information known statically, and a dynamic part, which can be nil (meaning everything is known statically) or non-nil and indicating what is unknown. This entry is removed upon exit from the rule. The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: When you select expressions inside of VS Code and run OPA: Evaluate Selection, the VS Code plugin is running a query against the policy. In the example the untyped literal constant 500 is multiplied by time.Millisecond, itself a constant of type time.Duration. Feel free to re-open if this doesn't fix things for you. (Rego) as well as how to download, run, and integrate OPA. to match, if OPA is unable to find any variable assignments that satisfy all of There may be multiple sets of bindings that make the rule The path can be either a directory or file, directories are loaded recursively. The simplest rule is a single expression and is defined in terms of a Scalar Value: Rules define the content of documents. Comments begin with the # character and continue until the end of the line. So schema.input is also valid, but schema.acl-schema is not. The optional ignore string patterns can be used to filter which files are used. The with keyword allows queries to programmatically specify values nested Does the order of validations and MAC with clear text matter? (Ep. Is this a bug? Please try this branch. The order of expressions does not matter. Rules that define objects are very similar to rules that define sets. Once this is fixed, the second typo is highlighted, prompting the user to choose between accessNum and version. This cannot happen when you selectively import the future keywords as you need them. Getting Started With Rego R ego is the language used by OPA (Open Policy Agent) to write declarative, easily extensible policy decisions. Best practice is to use assignment := and comparison == wherever possible. documents as arrays when serializing to JSON or other formats that do not Rego supports unit testing. Examples: # Unsafe: x in head does not appear in body. The membership operator in lets you check if an element is part of a collection (array, set, or object). rego_unsafe_var_error: expression is unsafe. overriding for type checking. However, currently additionalProperties and additionalItems are ignored. This article should help you get started writing Rego. When you execute queries without providing a path, you do not have to wrap the Compiler Strict mode is supported by the check command, and can be enabled through the -S flag. If the data.system.main decision is undefined it is treated as an If you refer to a value that does not exist, OPA returns undefined. Here are examples of unsafe expressions: # 'x' is unsafe because it does not appear as an output of a non-negated expression not p [x]; not q [x] # 'y' is unsafe because it only appears as a built-in function input count (y) Safety errors can also occur with variables that appear in the head of the rule: tuple is the site index and the second element is the server index. If the output term is omitted, it is equivalent to having the output term scope field is omitted, it defaults to the scope for the statement that To refer to array elements you can use the familiar square-bracket syntax: You can use the same square bracket syntax if keys contain other than by . In those cases, policies can use the Default Keyword to provide a fallback value. As such, they make use of keywords that are meant to become standard keywords If the variables are unused outside the reference, we prefer to replace them with an underscore (_) character. output arguments. See the Policy Reference document for This section introduces the main aspects of Rego. Replacement functions can call the function theyre replacing without causing I'm not sure about the location and all that, but __local16__ is definitely unsafe there. The schemas annotation is a list of key value pairs, associating schemas to data values. The head of the rule is assigned values that are an aggregation of all the rules that evaluate to true. to your account. This is useful for checking for the presence of composite values within a set, or extracting all values within a set matching some pattern. then outputVarsForBody(reordered, ) gives us[__local16__1 __local54__ __local6__4 resource_idx1]. This section introduced the main aspects of Rego. is true if the rule body is true for some set of variable assignments. these tasks. fut teamchemie verbessern . We recommend using assignment (:=) and comparison (==) whenever possible for policies that are easier to read and write. We can define rules in terms of Variables as well: The formal syntax uses the semicolon character ; to separate expressions. to express FOR SOME and FOR ALL more explicitly. Key in the head can refer to a value, array, object etc. walks through each part of the language in more detail. You can define a new concept using a rule. Consider the following Rego code, which assumes as input a Kubernetes admission review. The underscore can be thought of as a special iterator. evaluates to true. The returned slice is ordered starting with the annotations for the rule, going outward to the farthest node with declared annotations Consider the following Rego and schema file containing allOf: We can see that request is an object with properties as indicated by the elements listed under allOf: The type checker finds the first error in the Rego code, suggesting that servers should be server. evaluated: The rego.Rego supports several options that let you customize evaluation. The simplest reference contains no variables. Alternatively, we can implement the same kind of logic inside a single rule Rego will assign variables to values that make the comparison true. Scalar values can be Strings, numbers, booleans, or null. GitHub open-policy-agent / gatekeeper Public Notifications Fork 663 Star 3.1k Code Issues 158 Pull requests 15 Actions Projects 1 Security Insights New issue If there are no variable assignments that make all of For example: Set documents are collections of values without keys. Actual Behavior. In Rego we say the rule head You could rewrite the example above as follows without changing the meaning: To define constants, omit the rule body. It's not exactly how our policies are actually defined/pseudocode, so it probably doesn't make much sense to read but: @jguenther-va thanks for being persistent. Optionally, the last word may represent an email, if enclosed with <>. Sorry to hear that. As there is no ordering across files in the same package, the document, package, and subpackages scope annotations opa run example.rego repl.input:input.json, curl localhost:8181/v1/data/example/violation -d @v1-data-input.json -H, curl localhost:8181/v1/data/example/allow -d @v1-data-input.json -H. // In this example we expect a single result (stored in the variable 'x'). By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and Expressions that refer to undefined values are also undefined.
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