how to shift a lenco transmission

1.438%Uses 20 tooth planet gears, a 32 tooth sun gear and a 73 tooth ring gear. Remember that each separate case contains it own 1.48% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 40 tooth sun gear and a 83 tooth ring gear. Warning: Do Not over tighten set screw. A typical CO2 shifting assembly Consists of either a small or large CO2 bottle, bottle brackets, pressure gauges, pressure adjustable shift buttons, air servo, pressure line, fittings and 1.21%Uses 21/31 tooth planet gears, a 24 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. Lever or CO2 shift. The Lenco Racing Lencodrive 3Speed Automatic Transmission represents our response to people wh.. 1.500%Uses 19 tooth planet gears, a 38 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. All Rights Reserved. There are two different size air servos for the New Generation transmissions.The small air servo (2.5"piston diameter) and the large air servo(3"piston diameter) for the CS-2 large case transmission and Lencodrives. 1.28% - Uses 32 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 89 tooth ring gear. Traditional manual transmissions consist of at least two linear shafts: an inline input and output shaft, and a counter shaft. All Rights Reserved. This intermediate shaft connects this planetary gear set to subsequent planetary gear sets which make up the modular nature of this transmission. 1.56% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 55 tooth sun gear and a 98 tooth ring gear. 1.31%Uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 80 tooth ring gear. 1.23%Uses 21/30 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. Stay up to date with news and promotions by signing up for our monthlly newsletter. Add fluids as necessary and install fill plug. 1.22%Uses 21/30 tooth planet gears, a 24 tooth sun gear and a 75 tooth ring gear. I do have three .080" shims, two .017" and six .027" shims. They only serve to transfer the power of the ring gear to the planetary and to rotate around the sun gear if the sun gear is held stationary by the sprag clutch. Each sun and planet gearset provides two speeds. lenco cs3 5 speed. Lenco Parts and Price List isavailable here. The possible combinations are endless! In the example of a four-speed, the case nearest the engine would contain a 1.37 ratio planet gear set. 3/4" Gear Set. Burnout's(on all LENCOS): Add fluids as necessary and install fill plug. Th.. shift pressure control. 1.24%Uses 26/31 tooth planet gears, a 23 tooth sun gear and an 80 tooth ring gear. and control slippage. Large Strips and Clips Sprag Assembly - Thisis a specialized sprag and is used in applications where tire shake is a constant problem. Race prepped Hydramatic. the sun gear from rotating in one direction. We found the small Sprags service life growing shorter and shorter, so we have discontinued it and highly recommend upgrading to our large Sprag assembly. Planetary transmissions rely on a central sun gear to provide a 1:1 direct drive ratio once shifted from the launch ratio. Lenco revamped the ST1200, by replacing sand molds with CNC 5 and 6-axis milling machines. 1.25% Uses compound 25 and 29 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. 1.280%Uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 21 tooth sun gear and a 75 tooth ring gear. Lenco Clutch Disk Alignment Tools areavailable in black anodized billetaluminum. The Lencodrive does not require a containment blanket unless you use a supercharger or alternative fuels. With a simple shift pressure adjustment you can easily compensate. Now rotate counter clockwise 1/2 to 1 turn and tighten lock nut. Also, a hp/tq rating on a transmission does not mean it will actually hold that much. Lenco transmissions essentially combine the best of a manual and automatic transmission into one unit. A perfect replacement for expensive breakage prone Powerglides, Turbos, C4, C6 style and Torqueflite transmissions the LENCODRIVE is 100% LENCO and will handle 2500 HP with ease. When you select a gear, the gear shaft moves a synchronizing gear that looks like a toothed collar. The internal action of a LENCO is such that when the transmission is in first gear the chosen planet gear assembly provides the launch ratio. To add more speeds to a planetary transmission you add more sections. 1.566% Uses 18 tooth planet gears, a 45 tooth sun gear and an 81 tooth ring gear. Porsche 911-06 side shift transmission for 914 4 or 6. Screw air servo in (clockwise) until you see the rotary plate start to shift, now screw air servo Out (counter-clockwise) until the rotary shift plate stops moving. The second lever, and second tallest, is used for third gear. 1.16%Uses 21/36 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. Ourblue,greenandtandisc are supplied new at approximately .058"- .061" thickness. 9310 steel would be used in Pro Stock, Pro Mod and other similar applications where substantially more HP, torque and tire plant is generated. With its modular design, an infinite number of speeds can be added. Once all cases have been shifted the entire transmission assembly is locked in the final 1:1 direct drive ratio. A typical lever shift assembly Consists of hand levers, activation rods, detent levers, rod towers, adjustment nuts, clevises, heim ends, friction washers, mounting bracket and all Each planetary gear set is in its own housing and carries a higher ratio. 1.338%Uses 24 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 74 tooth ring gear. Do Not Over Tighten. Multiple speed transmissions use multiplication of gears to create different speeds. 1.38%Uses 23 tooth planet gears, a 28 tooth sun gear and a 74 tooth ring gear. 2 Speed + reverser with Std output: 17.500". There are a variety of both manual and CO2 servo tower designs. It has a selected gear ratio, and is the first speed of the transmission that is translated to the output shaft that drives the wheels. Here's some fuzzy footage showing the operation. It only has two moving parts, the belt itself and a shaft that connects it to other components in the vehicle or machine. The three speed is approximately 135 lbs. The biggest benefit to Pro Streeters is that you don't have to worry about overheating, flashing the torque converter or other maintenance costs-as there are none. The Lencodrive is available with your choice of all popular bellhousing patterns as well as any starter pocket positioning. Please click here for CS3 Timing Chart (.pdf). Call our technical department at (909) 673-9080 or email us here with any questions you may have concerning function or applications. All three units shifted equal final drive ratio of 1:1. You must multiply each cases underdrive ratio in order to determine the first gear ratio. - Uses 28/38 tooth planet gears, a 23 tooth sun gear and a 91 tooth ring gear. Each LENCO transmission is thus a two speed and is housed in one dedicated two speed. Adding progressively different ratio independent gear housings behind each other allows Lenco to create two-speed, four-speed, five-speed, and even six-speed transmissions. Lenco, the all time champion and undisputed leader in the drag racing transmissions. This clearance should be between .080"-.120" and can be adjusted by adding or subtracting floaters . Copyright 2020, Lenco Racing. This can cause tire shake. All transmissions, once assembled, have to be installed in a car. Multiply all three gearset ratios to determine the first gear ratio of 2.46:1. But extreme cost-among other things--has always been a huge inhibitor for all but the stoutest of street-driven machinery. Once you have achieved the proper clearance reinstall the pressure plate spring and clutch housing snap ring it is then complete, ready for installation. The ST1200 transmission is pure Lenco through and through and is ideally suited for nitrous, blown, injected and carbureted engines producing up to 1200 HP and 900 lb ft of torque. When you shift into second gear a lockout happens which "locks" the sun gear, three planet gears, and the ring gear together so that they all spin in unison. You achieve more than two speeds by combining multiple casesFor example, a three speed requires two cases, A four speed requires three cases, A five speed requires four cases and a six speed requires five cases. The boat clutch provides gentle engagement and disengagement. Unlike a traditional manual transmission with its singe shifter, planetary transmissions have multiple levers which are used to shift the transmission. You always need to come out of the water box in high gear to prolong the life of the transmission. Air servos are machined from billet alum. If the first 300 feet of track is excellent, for instance, full shift pressure and instant lock-up may be desired. Shift with either our patented. Watch it while someone pushes the shifter button. 1.44% - Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 35 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. Air or manual shift. The ring gear is then pressed inside of the bearing. When setting up your clutch packs they need to have the proper air gap or clutch pack clearance. When doing burnout's you need to roll up to the water box then shift all sections accept the front section. In all instances you will require a LENCO reverse unit to achieve reverse movement. Lenco Parts and Price List isavailable here. (1) in the bruno/lenco the fluids are seperate - which gives you options of running different fluid types and no chance of breaking the lenco side and mixing it into the converter. racing transmission, of the adjustable shift tower plunger. Since all LENCO transmissions utilize the same internal gearing design you can easily change from a manual shift set The arm must be free to move in all directions. The lever arms also vary in length. Those two speeds are (1) the lower underdrive ratio and (2) the direct 1:1 final lock-up drive ratio. lntroduced in 1972 as a 2-speed the Standard Design LENCO is our largest and strongest transmission. Different Sizes -LENCO utilizes several different styles and sizes of sprags depending on which application the transmission is used for. In the example of a four speed, the case nearest the engine would contain a 1.37 ratioplanet gear set. 1.16%Uses 21/36 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. If you have a car that you drive to the store on Monday and to the drag strip on Sunday, the only hard question that you have to ask yourself is: Do you prefer anodized or clear? Lencodrive 2 Speed. If he shifts slower, the transmission shifts softer; if he shifts faster, the transmission shifts harder. - Uses 22/38 tooth planet gears, a 24 tooth sun gear and an 84 tooth ring gear. all hardware. If it is necessary to remove the servos you should reinstall with the lock nut spun completely to the top of its travel. This is a 1971-72 901 transmission converted for use as a side shift 914 gearbox. This change cut down weight substantially which added to the overall rotational mass reduction. 1.31% Uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and an 80 tooth ring gear. The CS2 ,CS3, and CS4 the shift pressure to maintain desired wheel speed and traction. All Rights Reserved. These four gears (sun gear and three planet gears) sit in a planetary carrier that holds them together as a unit. drag racing, 1.280% Uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 21 tooth sun gear and a 75 tooth ring gear. Screw air servo counter-clockwise about five or six turns before you reassemble the transmission. 1.41% Uses 23 tooth planet gears, a 32 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. ST1200 Street Strip Second gear ratio is 1.80 and third gear is a 1.31 ratio. Checking Shift Pressure(only on CS-1 style or center shift transmissions): To measure the shift pressure install checking lever into tower screw jam nut all the way up the tower so it's out of the way. Likes Received: 180. Equipped with a Lenco ST1200 5-speed transmission, Jeff regularly drives his car on the streets around his home in Oceanside, CA. Most popular with Sand Dragsters, Mud racers and Modified pullers. There is also a blue disc and a tan disc both of these styles come in one size. 4 speed. Shifters and lockouts can be either style. Shift pressure is adjustable, whether it be for one case, all cases or anindividual case in a multiple case configuration. Glazed, burned and chipped discs must also be replaced immediately. Pressure set-up kit Our shift pressure set-up kit consists of a separate adjustment tower, lever, pull scale and chart of recommended pressures. Although there have been many attempts to create similar shifters for stock-type transmissions, Chevy enthusiasts have long aspired to duplicate the multi-lever design of the Lenco for their hot street machines. Available in single o.. Lenco couplers are machined from 8620 aircraft quality steel and heat treated for for severe duty se.. lencodrive, The ST1200 gives you the advantage of Lenco brute strengthat a lesser price than our full race units. 4-Speed $9,830. The middle case would also contain a 1.37 planet gear set. Air or Lever Shift. Section upon section are bolted together until the transmission takes shape, growing taller than the technician building it. Each sun and planet gearset provides two speeds. This is an in-car shot video of Mike drag. The counter shaft has fixed associating gears that are permanently meshed with the loosely connected gears on the output shaft. Multiple speeds are achieved through utilization of multiple cases. Leaving the pressure plate spring (wave spring) out, place the pressure plate on top of the clutch pack. Lenco celebrates over forty-five years of the engineering and manufacturing of the most successful drag racing transmissions ever built. Now taking all the lash out by lifting up on the clutch housing (outer housing) and press down on the pressure plate then measure the distance between the top of the pressure and the bottom of the snap ring groove of the clutch housing, This is your clutch pack clearance. Charlotte , NC. Burnout's (on all LENCOS): The arm is held into the servo piston by a set screw. 1.479%Uses 19 tooth planet gears, a 35 tooth sun gear and an 73 tooth ring gear. A perfect replacement for expensive breakage prone Powerglides, Turbos, C4, C6 style and Torqueflite transmissions the Lencodriveis 100% Lenco. The gearset in the third case alone, 1.31:1, determines the third gear ratio. Choice of output shaft length and spline. direct drive - with reverser / Cannon to control clutch arm position, Screw the servo into the transmission case until contact is made with the shift fork pin. Copyright 2020, Lenco Racing. 1.405%Uses 23 tooth planet gears, a 32 tooth sun gear and an 79 tooth ring gear. This is not possible with a traditional cluster gear transmission. The power is passed straight through from one planetary gear set into the next gear set and the process repeats again. Large low drag bearings, that the planetary gears will float on, are pressed into the casings. Call the Hurst Lightning Rods, a popular sight in a mid-'80s issue of Hot Rod, a road-going take on a Lenco transmission. This is what comes standard in most new LENCO transmissions. Once installed, make sure the air servo is loose and can turn freely. 1.35% Uses 26 tooth planet gears, a 28 tooth sun gear and a 80 tooth ring gear. 1.20%Uses 22/32 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. The final section is the reverser. All transmissions work by using gear ratios to transfer power to the rear wheels. Tags: for all your racing needs, LENCO transmissions are a planetary design. 1.41% Uses 23 tooth planet gears, a 32 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. (only on CS-1 style or center shift transmissions): Air shifted LENCOS come pre adjusted from the factory. Planetary transmissions rely on a central sun gear to provide a 1:1 direct drive ratio once shifted from the launch ratio. 1.19% Uses 21/33 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. The rear case a 1.31 ratio gearset. 1.256% Uses 32 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 86 tooth ring gear. You will need to add a LENCO reverse unit in order to back up. Lenco celebrates over forty-five years of the engineering and manufacturing of the most successful drag racing transmissions ever built. The main advantage of a lenco transmission is its simplicity. Then start the tires spinning, now shift the front section so that you are now in high gear. This L.. Lenco Clutch Disk Alignment Tools areavailable in black anodized billetaluminum. 1.25% - Uses 34 tooth planet gears, a 23 tooth sun gear and a 91 tooth ring gear. All ST1200 Street units now come with low drag bearings and a billet case. I purchased the trans disassembled and do not have the shim configuration shown in the drawing. The CS2 handles up to 3000 HP; CS3 and CS4 1800 HP. The choice is yours. at a lesser price than our full race units. Those two speeds are (1) the lower underdrive ratio and (2) the direct 1:1 final lock-up drive ratio. The downside of this setup is that the shafts are only supported on their ends, so the shaft can bend with torque. e30 m52 turbo. Gears that mesh easier suffer from less resistance, which leads to higher efficiency and less parasitic loss. If a sun gear to ring gear has a ratio of 1.44, then the intermediate shaft that is attached to the planetary carrier is spinning at a 1.44 reduction in relation to the input shaft. When the transmission is shifted a clutch pack compresses the rotating sun gear assembly to the direct drive central sun gear. It was . 1.19%Uses 21/33 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. This is our large sprag and unlike the small sprag doesn't have a snap ring in the outer race and has two brass thrust washers. The Lenco is basically a planetary transmission where each gear has its own housing and its own shift lever. Operation of a Lenco is fairly straight-forward: When it's time to shift gears, simply pull the appropriate lever, with each gear having its own stick. 1.22% Uses compound 21 and 30 tooth planet gears, a 24 tooth sun gear and a 75 tooth ring gear. This is a very extreme duty sprag assembly. This information leads to a selection of sun gears with associating ratios, ring gears, and properly sized planet gears that mate the sun gears to their ring gears. The shift lever is almost the same height as the standard 5th gear lever. How is this done? The ST-1200 is not one of their most popular transmissions (they still sell more racing models), but it is the answer to many problems facing high-horsepower street cars and trucks that need a compromise between a stout race and street transmission. Since each case contains one gearset and provides both underdrive and direct drive,multiple cases (gearsets) provide multiple underdrive ratios. 1.297%Uses 26 tooth planet gears, a 22 tooth sun gear and a 74 tooth ring gear. Remove fill plug on top the transmission case you are going to adjust. Building a Lenco ST1200 starts with constructing the soul of the transmission: assembling its planetary gear sets. 1.56% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 55 tooth sun gear and a 98 tooth ring gear. Lencodrives is a CS-2 transmission. Copyright 2020, Lenco Racing. If needed you may vary 1 full turn up or down from your 2 turns out in order to achieve the shift pressure desired. Shift Patterns: Lenco celebrates over forty-five years of the engineering and manufacturing of the most successful drag racing transmissions ever built. This is an in-car shot video of Mike drag racing his 73 Duster using a clutch-less Lenco Transmission. Remove fill plug on top the transmission case you are going to adjust. The simplicity also makes them easy to repair if something goes wrong . The only difference is that in an automatic, the transmission fluid moves internal valves to close the clutch pack. The LENCODRIVE is the automatic answer for people who prefer torque converter/automatic transmission applications. Despite its reputation among racers and its many uses today, which include everything from boats to alcohol dragsters, many enthusiasts have not caught on to the fact that there IS a street version available. Planetary transmissions, like Lenco, eliminate this inherent design weakness by utilizing planetary gears. I shift it with a timed switch getting its signal from an electric shifter box so that it applies voltage for 17 sec at the shift. Th.. When this same section is shifted the Sprag then allows the sun gear to rotate in the same direction as the. The rear case a 1.31 ratio gearset. With a simple shift pressure adjustment you can easily compensate Engineered to handle 3500+ HP the Standard Design LENCO is available with up to 5 speeds and comes in a cast magnesium case. This will allow for free play in the shift system. All transmissions are the sum of their parts. CS2, CS3, CS4 & Lencodrive or offset shift transmissions: Chevy Pilot Bearing Assembly 1955-2000 Chevrolet (SB & BB), and Lenco transmissions. Gary Sumek of Lenco mentioned that they have been producing a five-speed street version for a few years. Jeff says that it took him about two weeks to get used to the multi-lever shifter. The result is LENCO quality and durability at a reasonable "Street Machine" price. Rotate air servo into case until you see the set screw in the air servo piston boss inside the case. There must be a minimum of .060" to a maximum of .090" of clearance between face of pilot bearing to beginning of clutch spline. Lenco celebrates over forty-five years of the engineering and manufacturing of the most successful drag racing transmissions ever built. 1.21%Uses 21/31 tooth planet gears, a 24 tooth sun gear and a 76 tooth ring gear. Also known as a 'crash' gearbox for the noise it can make with a mis-timed shift, the non-synchromesh transmission is now only usually found in some trucks. What does this mean, you wonder? Choice of ratio. The Lencodrive will accept virtually any manufacturer's torque converter. Screw air servo into case until it bottoms out against the jam nut. 1.31% ratio uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and an 80 tooth ring gear. When locked, the gear's ratio is translated to the output shaft as the gear and the output shaft are now fixed. When this occurs, the ring gear becomes the dominant gear1:1 (final drive ratio). The Lenco Racing Lencodrive 4Speed Automatic Transmission represents our response to people wh.. At the time of your inital order, you may add additional sections to your Lencodrive Automatic Lenco.. Lenco celebrates over forty-five years of the engineering and manufacturing of the most successful drag racing transmissions ever built. Multiply the two rear case gearset ratios to determine the second gear ratio of 1.80:1. Reverse is handled by a reverser section that is attached to the rear of the transmission. 2 Speed with single brg and std output: 16.875". Again, in an effort to increase fuel economy, Vipers ship with tall 3.07:1 final drive ratios. Both transmissions are available in 2,3, 4 or 5 speeds. This is first gear. The second lever, and second tallest, is used for third gear. Lenco Racing Transmissions have brought more of their racing technology to the street crowd with a new transmission that is lighter, engineered with new technology, has more efficient components, and has less rotating mass than the previous unit. Screw the servo into the transmission case until contact is made with the shift fork pin. 1.44% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 35 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. In the Lenco, the shift lever actually moves the clutch pack together to engage the gear in each housing. Available in either bare aluminum (clear) or hard anodized black finish, you can choose the transmission finish that best suits your style; however, Lenco highly recommends the standard hard anodized black finish as transmissions usually live a hard life underneath a car where no one can see it, and where it is subject to lots of splashing and hits from rocks and other road debris. It has an electric solenoid that receives air from an adjustable regulator. Since each case contains one gearset and provides both underdrive and direct drive, multiple cases (gearsets) provide multiple underdrive ratios. A BorgWarner T56 six-speed transmission was used in the Viper; automatics have never been available. 1.29, 1.35, and 1.41 gear ratios have been added making a larger list of eight selectable gear ratios. The arm is held into the servo piston by a set screw. 1.56%Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 55 tooth sun gear and a 98 tooth ring gear. 8620 is a premium quality material that will provide excellent service for 1200 HP hot rods. The three speed is approximately 135 lbs. Shown with our boat bellhousing. It is not necessary for the driver to disengage the clutch when shifting from ratio to ratio since all shifting is done with the engines clutch fully engaged, R577980 Raybestos Gen2 (Blue) You could not make small adjustments, so owners had to be selective in their transmission and rearend gear choices. 1.68% Uses 15 tooth planet gears, a 62 tooth sun gear and a 91 tooth ring gear. specific design will suit you best. All LENCO transmissions operate in basically the same way and if you have any questions about servicing your trans please call our tech line at (909) 673-9080. 1.50% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 44 tooth sun gear and an 88 tooth ring gear. It might be less, it might be much more. After inserting arm into the air servo piston boss, run set screw in until you can no longer remove the arm from the piston boss. What kind of clutch you run is a big factor. Magnesium Tailhousing (Bushing or Roller Bearing) 300M 32-Spline Output Shaft. 1. When the transmission is shifted a clutch pack compresses the rotating sun gear assembly to the direct drive central sun gear. 1.31% - Uses 27 tooth planet gears, a 25 tooth sun gear and a 80 tooth ring gear. 1.41%Uses 23 tooth planet gears, a 32 tooth sun gear and an 79 tooth ring gear. Or maybe simply a T56 magnum is all you need. I've made provision, so that shift lever can be moved to the back of the trans quite easily. 1.44% ratio uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 35 tooth sun gear and a 79 tooth ring gear. Gear ratios are selected using a mathematical calculation that considers both the number of speeds required, horsepower of the car, and final rearend drive ratio. Those two speeds are (1) the lower underdrive ratio and (2) the direct'1:1 final lock-up drive ratio. Lencodrive 3 Speed. Lenco, the all time champion and undisputed leader in the drag racing transmissions. Reverse Lockout. Sight through plug hole, where you will see the outer edge of the rotary shift plate. Because the ring gears are the final gear ratio of 1:1, a six-speed planetary transmission would consist of 5-planetary sections: 5 gear set ratios (sun gears) and a sixth gear when all of the planetary gear sections are locked together forming a 1:1 ratio. The air servo is attached to a rotary shift plate by an adjustable arm which is pre-set by the factory and should NOT be changed. To install lever remove bolt, insert lever in shift tower so that it faces forward and install bolt. Air or lever shift. If the shift pressure is set to your application lock the jam nut your finished, if not you then need to add shim to raise pressure or subtract shim to reduce pressure. . Aside from manufacturing benefits, it also gives customers a finished piece that looks more like jewelry than an automotive part. With a docile nature and racing pedigree, the new ST1200 improves upon the old, making a great transmission even better with improved technology, refined parts, and lower rotational mass for faster acceleration. 1.48% Uses 22 tooth planet gears, a 40 tooth sun gear and a 83 tooth ring gear. Now rotate counter clockwise 1/2 to 1 turn and tighten lock nut. Its used to force the gear set to make ratio by preventingthe sun gear from rotating in one direction. The internal action of a LENCO is such that when the transmission is in first gear the dedicated planet gear assembly provides the launch ratio. Each LENCO transmission is thus a two-speed and is housed in its single dedicated case.
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