endophytic squamous proliferation

WebVerrucous carcinoma (also known as Ackerman tumor) is an uncommon exophytic low-grade well-differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma. 1948;23(4):6708. Most common forms of treatment include LN2, ED/C, topical creams, Excision, and Mohs 2. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. Some endophytes may enhance host growth, nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Learn More Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath? 1995;24(5):198200. [5], Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. 2008;58(1):1517. Ten of the 14 tumors that remained classified as SCC had detectable TP53 mutations. Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. 2017;18(12):32514. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. This is a bulky squamous proliferation, three to four times the thickness of the epithelium for the site, that is endophytic and/or exophytic in its growth pattern Verrucous carcinoma. Cancer. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. Epub 2020 Oct 16. Abbey LM, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC, et al. [29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. Part of Springer Nature. In a series of 108 cases, it was concluded that a background of maturing keratinocytes and sparing of the follicular epithelium could distinguish bowenoid papulosis from basaloid HSIL.53 Another morphometric analysis showed significantly larger and more irregular nuclei in basaloid HSIL compared to bowenoid papulosis.64 In practice, however, the histopathologic differences are often subtle, and definitive diagnosis relies heavily on stringent clinical correlation: Presence of multiple small pigmented papules in a young adult, as opposed to a solitary, slowly progressive plaque or erythematous patch in an older patient, would support a diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis over basaloid HSIL.53,60, High-risk HPV in bowenoid papulosis can be detected by in situ hybridization or PCR-DNA sequencing.6567 Expression of both p16 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immunohistochemistry is associated with high-risk HPV infection and has been demonstrated in bowenoid papulosis.67 Diffuse p16 expression is especially helpful in differentiating occasional cases of bowenoid papulosis with more orderly maturation, subtle cytologic atypia, and koilocyte-like cells from condyloma acuminatum (Figure 6, B).18. The incidence of MT in leukoplakia exhibiting HkNR was 4.9%, compared to 15.3% for ED. [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Occasional koilocytes may be found in the upper layers.37 Mitoses and apoptoses are frequent and found at all levels of the epithelium (Figure 4, C; inset).46 When invasion occurs in the basaloid and warty-basaloid subtypes, the invasive nests often take on a basaloid appearance without keratinization. 2009;67(1):1406. There are occasional dyskeratotic cells, while koilocytes are absent (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 400 [B]). There was moderate agreement (>0.41 kappa) for 35 of 48 cases. [68] Epichlo endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). Lichenoid characteristics in premalignant verrucous lesions and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Head and Neck Pathology Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. The disseminated form most frequently affects genital skin, particularly the scrotum and the vulva.7375 The lesions are skin-colored or whitish papules with a smooth or verruciform surface, frequently confused with condyloma acuminatum clinically.74,76 Multiple reports have confirmed the absence of HPV in epidermolytic acanthomas,73,76,77 although 1 reported case of scrotal epidermolytic acanthoma tested positive for HPV 16 when using a highly sensitive HPV DNA chip.78 It is possible that HPV was an incidental finding, rather than a pathogenic agent, in this isolated case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;15(6):e83945. Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). Hypergranulosis is accentuated in the valleys between papillae. 2009;45(45):31723. 1. Statistical analysis of inter-rater agreement was provided by Sijia Yue, MS at the University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions Department of Biostatistics. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. The lesion is acanthotic and hyperkeratotic with variable degree of papillomatosis and/or invagination (Figure 8, A).76,79 The histopathologic pattern is that of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), in which the keratinocytes in the granular and spinous layers display cytoplasmic vacuolation, reticular degeneration, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Figure 8, B).73,76,79 Despite superficial resemblance to koilocytosis, these unique characteristics of EHK effectively exclude condyloma acuminatum and VV. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects,[32] even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). CAS Multiple studies have demonstrated the presence of HPV, predominantly type 6, in up to 70% of anogenital SKs.1014 In contrast, HPV was rarely detected in extragenital SK and other nonHPV-mediated lesions on genital skin (such as fibroepithelial polyp, epidermolytic acanthoma, and chronic dermatitis).12,13 These findings suggest that genital SK is at least similar or related to condyloma acuminatum. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. [42] Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. [13][14] Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness. [1], Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels. To facilitate unified nomenclature across subspecialties, the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) work group has recommended a 2-tier system for all HPV-associated noninvasive squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).43 It is optional to further classify LSIL and HSIL as -IN 1 and -IN 2 or 3, respectively, according to the specific sites.43 Although HSIL is synonymous with SCC in situ and Bowen disease, the latter terminologies are best avoided in pathology reporting for the purpose of consistency. Histopathologic analysis showed 16 of the 30 lesions did not have prominent cytologic atypia and were distinguished by having expanded follicle-like structures composed of large, glassy, eosinophilic keratinocytes; these lesions resembled keratoacanthoma and were categorized as keratoacanthoma-like squamous proliferations (KASPs). J Int Acad Periodontol. 2014;117(4):51120. Condyloma acuminatum is caused by HPV infection, with HPV types 6 and 11 being the most prevalent.5 HPV 6 and 11 belong to the low-risk HPV group, which essentially has no risk for malignant progression. Pathol Res Pract. Celentano A, Glurich I, Borgnakke WS, Farah CS. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. [67], An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fleiss JL. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. WebAn endophytic fungus, Pseudocercosporella trichachnicola, was found to be widespread in the warm-season grass species Trichachne insularis ( White et al., 1990 ). Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Google Scholar. As mentioned above, controversy exists regarding the relationship between verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum. 2020;14(4):91522. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, -Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of The epithelium in condyloma acuminatum is acanthotic with variable degree of papillomatosis. This neoplasm typically They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. This is in contrast with the negative or patchy staining in condyloma acuminatum and differentiated squamous lesions.33,4650 Ki-67 proliferation index is typically high, with staining observed at all levels of the epithelium.49,50 Unlike differentiated squamous lesions, p53 staining in warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms is either negative or patchy.46,49. An incisional biopsy specimen (measuring 1.5 1 cm down to bone) was obtained for histopathological examination. WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. Inter- and intra-observer variability in diagnosis of oral dysplasia. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. Akrish S, Eskander-Hashoul L, Rachmiel A, Ben-Izhak O. Clinicopathologic analysis of verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as part of the clinicopathologic spectrum of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a literature review and analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Pigmented lesions consist of melanophages in the underlying stroma. Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. Condyloma acuminatum frequently enters the differential diagnosis of anogenital papules or plaques, especially those with a verruciform silhouette. Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. and transmitted securely. 2017;30(s1):S5467. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: In-situ means the skin cancer it is an early forming skin cancer and is limited to the upper layers of the skin. [The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment. Methods: 1.7 ). The .gov means its official. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. Ackerman LV. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jper.19-0621. A diagnostic clue at low magnification is the presence of compact parakeratosis with an orange hue or peach color completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections (Figure 9, A and B).89 Neutrophils are often found in the parakeratotic stratum corneum (Figure 9, B). Conspicuous fibrovascular cores and an infiltrative, rather than broad pushing, tumor base further distinguish papillary SCC from verrucous carcinoma. [20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Semin Diagn Pathol. Clin Exp Dermatol. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Bowenoid papulosis is another HPV-associated disease affecting the squamous epithelium. An official website of the United States government. Disclaimer. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The author has no relevant financial interest in the products or companies described in this article. Iocca O, Sollecito TP, Alawi F, et al. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. Much of the confusion stems from the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria, leading to mixed data with controversial diagnoses reported in the literature. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. May P. Chan; Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region. The latter refers to well-differentiated SCC with a papillary architecture. Verruciform xanthoma. Capella DL, Gonalves JM, Abrantes AAA, Grando LJ, Daniel FI. The rest of the keratinocytes lack cytologic atypia and mature orderly toward the surface. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, et al. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. A long-term study of thirty patients. [70], Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. CAS Fivenon-PVL histologic mimicswere included as controls. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. eCollection 2019 Dec. Histopathologic features of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the lower extremity. Correspondence to An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Biopsy of a lesion in the right proximal pretibial region demonstrated an atypical endophytic squamous proliferation, consistent with SCC. Watkins JC, Howitt BE, Horowitz NS, Ritterhouse LL, Dong F, MacConaill LE, et al. Differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesions are genetically distinct from keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas and contain mutations in PIK3CA. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:44858. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. When necessary, diagnosis of VV can be confirmed by HPV genotyping. The endophytic type SCP can cause differential diagnostic difficulties with keratoacanthom In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. WebEndophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. The rest of the keratinocytes appear normal. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. [43], Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. MeSH 2020;14(1):15665. A few neutrophils are typically present. Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. Accessibility Papillary squamous cell carcinoma. The papules have a median diameter of 0.7 cm according to one study and may be flat-topped or slightly verruciform, commonly mistaken for condyloma acuminatum on clinical examination.5254 Most patients are young adults in the third and fourth decades of life.53,54 Similar to HSIL, bowenoid papulosis is associated with high-risk HPV, particularly HPV 16.53,55 However, as progression to invasive SCC is exceptional, treatment options often include simple excision as well as local destructive modalities such as imiquimod and photodynamic therapy, although recurrence is common.53,5660 A small percentage of cases may regress spontaneously.53 A DNA ploidy study showed an intermediate malignancy grade between that of Bowen disease and SK, suggesting it to be a low-grade SCC in situ.61 Patients with bowenoid papulosis are at increased risk of developing external anogenital SCC and cervical neoplasia, and therefore warrant clinical surveillance on a regular basis.62,63, The histopathologic features of bowenoid papulosis overlap significantly with those of basaloid HSIL (Bowen disease).52 The lesions are acanthotic and may appear psoriasiform or slightly verruciform (Figure 6, A). To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. These viral cytopathic changes serve as an important diagnostic hallmark (Figure 1, B).9 Binucleated or multinucleated forms may be present. Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. This cancer is classified into three subtypes (superficial, exophytic, and endophytic) based on macroscopic appearance. WebSQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA In-situ - the second most common type of skin cancer caused from sun exposure, warts, or areas of old wounds. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. While the basaloid subtype rarely mimics condyloma acuminatum, it shares overlapping features with the warty-basaloid subtype, which has a condyloma-like, verruciform silhouette (Figure 4, C).37 The epithelium is basaloid due to a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia (Figure 4, C; inset). Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). Cases associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and warty/basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are coinfected with high-risk HPV types.68. This endophytic type has In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air.
Musetex Fan Controller Software, Tupac Last Photo Hospital, Roger Davies Yule Ball, Nys Dmv, Vehicle Make Abbreviations, Articles E