chemical composition of an apple list

Diagnosed asthma, on the basis of self-reported data using validated questionnaires, was present in 3.1% of the cohort. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. There were also differential outcomes between cell lines in terms of the inhibitory effect of the anthocyanidin-rich fraction, with significant inhibition in the HT29 cells by apple anthocyanidins (compared to an actual increase in proliferation in response to this fraction in MCF-7 cells). More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. Table 1 is an attempt to summarize research studies of the last 10 years which are related, with different degrees, to sweet taste perception in apple. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. Although there is a trend toward studying polyphenol-enriched extracts or isolated constituents and fewer clinical studies since the last review of AP and health, several investigators note that native AP and extracts are often more effective than individual compounds or synthetic mixtures of compounds. In particular, apple juice concentrate prevents the characteristic decline in acetylcholine associated with aging and oxidative stress (62). Author disclosure: D.A. These include the diet-related conditions of hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, and stroke (33). It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk. The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). Lichtenthaler et al. One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. 42. [12] Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). Commercial apple juice in Germany was tested among other fruit juices. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). After 24 wk, cumulative tumor numbers in groups receiving low, medium, or high doses of the extract were reduced by 25, 25, and 61%, respectively, and there was a dose-dependent delay in tumor onset. Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. Increasingly, research has moved toward studying compounds in individual foods to gain a greater understanding of their specific role(s) and the mechanisms involved in the prevention and reduction of disease in humans. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. Each group was provided guidelines for a moderate hypocaloric diet designed to reduce body weight at a rate of 1 kg/mo (deficit of 250 kcal/d). The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. Apple cider vinegar is 94% water and 5% acetic acid with 1% carbohydrates and no fat or protein (table). Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. Metastasis pattern and prognosis in children with neuroblastoma. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. The chemical composition of an apple includes: water - over 85% of the total mass; proteins and fats - about 1%; carbohydrate compounds - almost 10%; organic acids; alimentary fiber; vitamins: PP, A in the form of beta-carotene, group B, C, E, H, K; It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Several extracellular stimuli, including oxidative stress, bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cytokines, and others, are known to activate NF-B by release of an inhibitory protein, I-B. I. It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. The reduction in NF-B activity observed in these studies aligns with the suppression of cell proliferation by AP reported in many investigations. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients that are thought to be associated with improved bone health (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin K) in addition to producing alkaline metabolites that might improve bone health by reducing calcium excretion (72). Apples increase nitric oxide production by human saliva at the acidic pH of the stomach: a new biological function for polyphenols with a catechol group? In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. In one study, polyphenols were extracted from the juice of a variety of table and cider apples. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. 3 comments. The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. Checkmate, atheists. Although this was a small study, the moderate amount of apple juice and the prolonged antioxidant effect are positive indicators of AP potential to mitigate oxidation. Its chemical formula is C 10 H 10 O 4. All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. Interestingly, prolonged exposure to AP resulted in even greater antioxidant capacity for some compounds, suggesting that metabolic products formed over a period of time may have differing antioxidant capacities than the parent phytochemicals and, in some cases, improved potential. The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. This is of importance, because many flavonoids and dihydrocalchones are present in intact plant foods as glycosides with saccharide residues, but during processing and storage hydrolysis occurs, leading to the aglycone form. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Early research described an inverse association between AP consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema, as well as a general benefit to ventilatory function in healthy individuals as reviewed in (1). High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. All extracts significantly reduced oxidative damage and effectively reduced the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced ROS. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. Intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with improvement in bone mineral density and other bone markers in epidemiologic studies (73). (20) crushed and extracted juice from cider and table apples harvested in Germany to prepare several polyphenolic mixtures, including one extract from apple pomace. However, when these mice received apple juice concentrate diluted in drinking water (0.5%) for 1 mo (equivalent to human consumption of 23 eight-ounce glasses of apple juice/d), there was a significant improvement in cognitive-related performance and reduced prooxidative status compared to controls (59). However, it is still not fully understood which components mediate the observed effects. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. freshly squeezed orange juice. Schaefer et al. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. In many of these studies, dietary intake was quantified using diet history or FFQ followed by tests for a statistical link between disease risk and defined strata of AP or AP-flavonoid consumption. The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. Annurca apple fruits, Modulation of oxidative cell damage by reconstituted mixtures of phenolic apple juice extracts in human colon cell lines, Total oxidant scavenging capacities of common European fruit and vegetable juices, Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits, An integrated approach to evaluate food antioxidant capacity, Phenolics from purple grape, apple, purple grape juice and apple juice prevent early atherosclerosis induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters, Absorption of dietary cholesterol oxidation products and their downstream metabolic effects are reducted by dietary apple phenols, Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes, Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic exzema, Diet as a risk factor for atopy and asthma, Fruit and vegetable intakes and asthma in the E3N study, Dietary intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults, Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults. Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). Polyphenolic compounds account for the color, flavor, taste, and metabolic activity of plant-based foods as well as the putative health benefits to humans. Evidence relating AP to lung health was summarized in the review of Boyer and Liu (1) and newer studies have built upon earlier work that implicated AP in reduced risk of asthma. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. Many investigations have assessed the potential antioxidant effects of AP. It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Whereas it has been argued that the low bioavailability of most flavonoids results in plasma concentrations that are well below the levels needed to exert antioxidant effects (41), others attribute the antioxidant capacity of fruit, including AP, to the flavonoid content, particularly the high procyanidin levels. Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. Liu et al. However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. The concentration of polyphenols is influenced by the plant variety as well as environmental factors, including geographic region, growing season, and storage (3). There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. Hydrofluoric acid, 40%. They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism.Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats.
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